Category Archives: deficits

How much is a trillion?

A trillion dollars used to be a sum that never naturally came up in normal conversation. Now all of a sudden, it’s the standard unit we seem to be using to talk about our economic problems and what we’re trying to do about them. Fortunately, I think I finally got a handle on what $1 trillion really means.

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HR 1 and the Fiscal Impulse over the next 20 months (and an instance of deja vu).

The CBO has posted an actual “cost estimate” on HR 1 (not just a partial examination of Division A, as explained in the Director’s Blog, the locus of great disinformation in previous discussions, as recounted by Dean Baker). Here is a graphical depiction of what CBO believes will be the impact on the deficit (once again, recalling that there is an explicit omission of repercussion effects on tax revenues and transfers that would arise from elevated aggregate demand; in other words, this is the estimated impact on the full employment budget balance).

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Five Reasons Why Fiscal Policy Might Be Completely Ineffective: A Textbook Exposition

It’s been frustrating to me that so much virtual ink has been spilled about why the fiscal package will or will not be effective, with so little clarity. Lots and lots of words are being thrown around, [1] [2] when a lot of the arguments can be summarized pretty easily in terms of four cases, and hence four graphs (I won’t deal with the fifth, in detail). There are numerous excellent critiques; here in the interest of specificity, the exposition will be fairly dense.

1. With prices predetermined, the interest sensitivity of money demand is zero, or the income sensitivity of money demand is infinite.

2. With prices predetermined, the interest sensitivity of investment or the sensitivity of net exports to interest rates are infinite.

3. With prices predetermined, the sensitivity of money demand to wealth is high.

4. Output is at full employment levels.

5. Neo-Ricardian equivalence, as put forward by Barro, holds.

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