Forty years ago, I was working for Bob Crandall as an RA at Brookings, on how much the voluntary export restraints (VERs) added to the costs of a typical Japanese imported car. He found that number to be about $820 (a Datsun Stanza was about $6700 in 1981), and a comparable domestically produced car by about $370 (since the VER puts up a wall that allows domestic producers to raise prices). Today, according to Wells Fargo, the 25% tariffs would result in a vehicle assembled in Mexico or Canada to go up  in price by $8000-$10000, while the average over all cars using imported parts will go up about $2100 (average car price in March 2024 is about $47000; a Ford F150 STX is about $42000).

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If we wanted to reduce the trade deficit — let’s say because we wanted to increase aggregate demand and hence employment, rather than some atavistic belief the deficits are bad — then we will probably need to convincingly deal with the pandemic. Remember, the trade deficit (in NIPA terms) is now bigger than it was the day Mr. Trump took office.

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