Interpreting the unemployment numbers

The Bureau of Labor Statistics announced Friday that 2.5 million more Americans were working in May than in April. That’s the biggest monthly increase since 1946, both in terms of the number of workers and as a percentage of the workforce. The unemployment rate dropped from 14.7% in April to 13.3% in May, the biggest monthly drop since 1950. All this is very good news. But there are also indications that we are in a deeper hole than the headline numbers suggest. Here I explain why I believe the true unemployment rate in May was a number more like 19.8%.
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Forward Looking Economic Activity, Pre-Covid19

The economy is collapsing. That’s not news. What is interesting is that nonresidential fixed investment has been falling since 2019Q1.

Figure 1: Nonfarm fixed investment in billions Ch.2012$ SAAR (blue, left log scale), and Economic Policy Uncertainty index (red, right scale). 2020Q2 investment is St. Louis Fed nowcast as of 6/1; 2020Q2 EPU is for first two months, as of 6/1. Source: BEA 2020Q1 2nd release, St. Louis Fed FRED, policyuncertainty.com and author’s calculations.

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Business Cycle Indicators, 30 May 2020

Figure 1: Nonfarm payroll employment (blue), industrial production (red), personal income excluding transfers in Ch.2012$ (green), manufacturing and trade sales in Ch.2012$ (black), and monthly GDP in Ch.2012$ (pink), all log normalized to 2019M02=0. Source: BLS, Federal Reserve, BEA, via FRED, Macroeconomic Advisers (5/29 release), Bloomberg, and author’s calculations.

As of Friday, May 29th, NY Fed, Atlanta Fed and St. Louis Fed nowcasts for Q2 are -35.8%, -51.2%, and -49.75% (SAAR), respectively. IHS Markit is -42.9%.